Career Opportunities for Business Students Essay

Profession Opportunities for Business Students - Essay Example In any case, the paper covers territories of enthusiasm for business understudies who have finished four years in school. Since the choice of further investigations by seeking after an alumni program is accessible to these understudies, this alternative is secured also. The paper takes a gander at the wellsprings of data that are accessible online to give direction to understudies who need to think about the possibilities after they graduate. The vast majority of the employments promoted for bookkeepers and examiners require at least a four year certification in bookkeeping. This is the situation with practically all the bookkeeping related employments and consequently one needs to have a degree in bookkeeping in the event that one needs to take up an occupation as a bookkeeper or an inspector. Bookkeepers and evaluators are in incredible interest over the United States and the employments pay well and have different advantages that incorporate advantages and recompenses. Because of the progressing financial emergency, there has been a drop in the quantity of occupations accessible in these fields. Nonetheless, the silver coating is that bookkeeping employments for alumni of bookkeeping courses have been expanding with the indications of recuperation that are obvious at this point. Further, bookkeepers and reviewers are required in any event, when the firm is slicing occupations in different divisions. This is a result of the way that the budget summaries and different strategies for bookkeeping should be dealt with consistently. The insights show that 21 % of all compensation occupations were held by bookkeepers and evaluators. This figure speaks to the way that these callings are abundantly looked for after. In any case, the thorough idea of the course deflects numerous understudies from seeking after courses in these subjects. Consequently, the ones who endure are compensated for their difficult work and ingenuity in finishing the course. The normal managers for bookkeepers and reviewers extend from the counseling firms to the legislative occupations. The class of managers is wide and the counseling firms pay the most, however, this has gotten a bone of conflict as a result of the current financial emergency. The reality remains that any association needs a bookkeeper to take care of the accounting and related budgetary capacity. Consequently, there is an incredible interest for these positions at all levels and in all organizations. The bookkeeping calling is an all climate work calling. Patterns The current patterns in the bookkeeping business are an accentuation on independent work just as interest for bookkeepers who know about the different administrative necessities that are being brought by the legislature. I will look at both of these patterns independently. The last pattern has gotten progressively articulated with the presentation of the Sarbanes Oxley act and the resulting appropriation of stricter bookkeeping guidelines. Further, the progressing financial emergency will undoubtedly bring about more noteworthy oversight and guideline. The pattern towards utilizing bookkeepers who know about the operations of the administrative components is great for those understudies who have acquainted themselves with the different administrative systems that have been presented in the US. The other pattern of independently employed bookkeepers will undoubtedly develop with the monetary emergency prompting a framework where bookkeepers are recruited for the present moment without lasting work by the organizations. The other imperative pattern in the bookkeeping prof

Advantage Of Television Essay

Correspondence Technology Correspondence is the giving or trading of data by talking, composing, or utilizing some other medium. The correspondences transformation depends on three advances Phone TVs PC. The history and advancement of correspondence innovation is one of the consistently speeding up and productivity of correspondence over ever more noteworthy separation and regularly diminishing expenses. Phone: Telephone/Mobile Phone is a framework for transmitting voices over a separation utilizing wire or radio, by changing over acoustic vibrations to electrical signs. Today we can communicate something specific starting with one side globe then onto the next in seconds with contact of catch through Mobile Phone. Cell phone become a video-telephone, PC, camera, TV, Radio, message minder, MP3 Music player, paper map and so on. TV: Television is a framework for changing over visual pictures (with sound) into electrical signs, transmitting them by radio or different methods, and showing them electronically on a screen. PC: Computer is an electronic gadget which is fit for accepting data (information) in a specific structure and of playing out an arrangement of tasks as per a foreordained yet factor set of procedural directions (program) to deliver an outcome as data or signs. Phone: Receiving and Answering Call, We use phone in our Home, Office. Cell Phone: Mobile telephone is a phone with access to a cell radio framework so it tends to be utilized over a wide region, without a physical association with a system. We utilize cell phone for Make a Call, Receive a Call, Text Messaging, Smart Phone: Smart Phone is a cell phone that can perform a significant number of the elements of a PC, normally having a moderately huge screen and a working framework equipped for running universally useful applications. We utilize Smart Phone for making a Video Call, MMS, Use Internet, sending and accepting Email, use camera for recording. and so on. Fax: Fax is a precise of a record made by electronic examining andâ transmitted as information by media communications joins. Preferred position of Telephone: Uses: Usages of Television †We use Television as a Broad communications Tele Text Intuitive TV speeding up and proficiency, ever more prominent separation and consistently diminishing expense for use as Tele Tex, Mass Media and simple correspondence media between shopper and Customer, Government and Public. As a result of Television we get cutting-edge news from various piece of the world. PC Usages: A PC is a â€Å"Machine that performs assignments, for example, scientific counts or electronic correspondence, heavily influenced by a lot of directions called program.† (Microsoft Encarta 1998) We use PCs from multiple points of view that we may not understand. In business, PCs use standardized identification and scanners to check customers’ credit, to look at products at a general store, and check distribution center supplies. EFT (Electronic Fund Transfer) electronically moves assets as wages and bills between financial balances. For Travel †Like booking Tickets, Checking Flight and so forth. Likewise we use PC for shopping or web based Shopping as Ecommerce, Or E-business †Like e-Bay, Amazon Amusement †We can observe any communicate program interface Internet with Computer. Culture †Via web we can distributed data about our way of life to everywhere throughout the world, we can meet with other national or social individuals. For example, online networking webpage like †Facebook Bebo Twitter Connected In Google in addition to Pinterest Tumblr. Flickr VK Instagram All that we utilize our every day life has preferred position and hindrance which influence our own life, public activity and ordinary life. Favorable position of Telephone: Phone Technology has expanded drastically in the course of the most recent couple of years, making this issue somewhat more muddled in the post cell phone world. There are numerous favorable circumstances and inconveniences to utilizing the phone as a technique for correspondence and some of them are pretty much articulated relying upon whether you are thinking about a land line or a wireless. The essential points of interest to a phone. Staying in touch maybe on an increasingly standard premise, if for instance designs must be changed rapidly and an eye to eye meeting or a letter may take unreasonably ache For crisis circumstances, clearly a phone would be particularly useful along these lines. It ought to likewise be recalled that a telephone number is presently required for some business openings. Spare time and Cost. Likewise mobile phone is innovation, having arrived at such a point as to now be scaled down PCs, offer access to a lot of data, amusement and help for clients. For example, Smart Phone became PC contender and we utilize advanced cell for transfer video, download applications, browse Email , make a video call utilizing applications like Skype , google talk and so forth. Impediments of Telephone: Numerous individuals feel that telephones have made life increasingly tumultuous and work-orientated absolutely as a result of our capacity, and developing fixation, with being associated with our work, companions and organizations twenty four hours every day. In any case, some examination has likewise indicated that most of mobile phone use in the work places is really centered around diversion and social correspondence. In this way, rather than correspondences innovation expanding our outstanding task at hand, it might really be expanding our social commitments. In any case, there are some broad detriments to both land line and mobile phone use as a technique for innovation. In the first place: Telephone correspondence is less close to home from numerous points of view and can prompt miscommunication and misconstruing As a strategy for correspondence it is more costly than state, talking Phones can raise protection concerns not simply over wire taps. Crossed lines do even now occur and nature with utilizing a telephone can prompt individual discussions occurring in any case open settings. Utilizing advanced cell individuals can record and transfer video which could be close to home and private second or something like sex entertainment. Which influence our life severely. Likewise other inconvenience like †Troublesome Forestall up close and personal discussion Messaging †impeding to composing expertise May harm our capacity to center for any period of time Following a tormenting ( Like digital harassing transferring hostile or private video picture) Health hazard †like radiation Nowadays promoting calls are being a cerebral pain for everybody. Mysterious dangers. Sexual maltreatment. Helps fear based oppression.

birthmark Essay -- essays research papers

Skin pigmentations, would they say they are an indication of flaw or not? Is it accurate to say that they are a revile or something exceptional?      In the 1840’s when this story The Birthmark was composed the social convictions were vigorously affected by the Puritan religion. It was accepted that religion was the response to all issues which ruled out science, the two were absolutely incongruent. Another puritan conviction was in the scriptural creation hypothesis which was fundamentally that god made the earth, he was answerable for parting with life and the taking it. Science then again, needed to have everything clarified in minuet detail, however when you clarify away the enchantment you will in general pulverize things. In the story the spouse was immaculate inside and out aside from one; she had a little imprint on her cheek. Some said she had been...

Finding Online Essays For Students

Finding Online Essays For StudentsIf you've finished your History Essay and feel overwhelmed by the task ahead, there are many places where you can get samples of history essay samples. Many students have had a great deal of success in using samples of history essays to help them complete their essays.Students who want to be sure they are preparing for the real thing can do an excellent job of reading these samples of history essays. These essays, just like any other kind of essay, should be written by a professional writer. You want to make sure that you are reviewing the samples of history essays with a professional perspective so that you will be prepared for the real thing.You can find samples of history essays at many online sites and search engines. There are many ways to get them. You may be able to buy some e-books that have sample essays to help you complete your essay. Sometimes you can find some free copies of these samples in the history and university area on many sites. These types of essays, which are online essays, provide a great way to learn how to write an essay without having to work through a lot of things yourself. When you're looking for essays online, make sure that you are looking for samples of history essays.If you don't know where to get them, you may want to check the book's section of your library or bookstore for older books from when they were still new and in print. There is often a section dedicated to reading old books, and you may want to check these out. These books usually have essays in them that might not be available on the internet.Often, the best way to get these old books is to find online sources, since most people today have a lot of things on the internet that they used to have access to. You may even be able to find copies of the old books at some libraries or archives that have been digitized, which can make a lot of things available online.You may also want to check with your high school, college, or university i f they have anything they used in their past. You never know where they will have these old essays. You may be able to find some of these classics online.

Influence of Family Values, Violence and Media Upon...

Patterns of behavior and cycles of abuse affect childhood development. Traditions and morals give the foundation and support that children need to understand boundaries. Love, family time, and structure provide a cornerstone for children to thrive. At the same time, neglect, abuse and expose to violence create the child’s blueprint for life. To what extent does the â€Å"family† shape the values of children today? Parental involvement and discipline help mold the child’s decisions regarding violent actions. In today’s society compared to twenty five years ago, we can access news events that take place as it happens around the world by use of internet and cell phones. Parents of young children are interested in learning the cause and†¦show more content†¦Kids at a young age have a tougher time telling reality from fantasy so they think all problems can be solved by violence.† (c, Brad). Instead of taking responsibility it is easy to blame the companies that produce the violent media. It is a parents responsibility to use the tools such as the parental guidelines on their televisions, mediate and take the time to preview shows, movies and games their children may be into and manage the inï ¬â€šuence that media has on them. â€Å"If something you dont approve of appears on the screen, then use the opportunity to ask thought-provoking questions. If certain people or characters are mistreated or discriminated against, talk about why its important to treat everyone fairly, despite their differences. Use the information and news to explain confusing situations and express your feelings about difï ¬ cult topics such as sex, love, drugs, alcohol, smoking, work, behavior and family life.† (Mwema 6-7). Children should grow up understanding that there is violence in the world. With proper communication and education, parents and children can reach a middle ground. People have the ability to make their own choices based on what they know to be right and wrong. The answer is not to shelter children from everything that is believed to ï ¬â€šood their minds with things that will cause them to act upon what they see. Education and communication play an important role in creating awareness and understanding. It will also promoteShow MoreRelatedMedia Violence Essay1420 Words   |  6 PagesViolence in the Media and how it Affects Society The effect of media is profound and far-reaching. All over the world, the media influences our values and intrudes upon our deep-seated ideologies and beliefs. Indeed the media has been a powerful force in influencing people’s perceptions, and more importantly, their behavior as well. Business, politicians, and showbiz personalities pay huge sums of money to media firms in order create an image or change an existing one. Politics in particularRead MoreMedia Violence and Violence in Society1059 Words   |  4 Pagesprogramming contains some violence, there should be more and more violent crime after television is available† (Freedman). Many suggest the violence in media is causing violence in society but then how is it that violent crimes are actually decreasing in the United States. The violence that is occurring is actually due from the mentally ill, poor parenting, and the location of where one lives in society. Violence has actually decreased over the decades even though media has more violence than ever beforeRead MoreSocialization As A Function Of Media1561 Words   |  7 Pagesof Media Mass media, significantly through mediums that project news and information, greatly affect what and how we learn about the world around us. In particular, television has become the outlet with the greatest socialization impact in its influence on young viewers. The distribution of information has become a part of the process by which people learn about societal values and behaviors and come to understand cultural expectations. Through entertainment and news programming, mass media suchRead MoreCause-and-Effect Relationship between TV Violence and Actual Crimes1755 Words   |  7 Pagesestablishes a cause- and effect relationship between TV violence and actual crimes? The subject of violence and sexuality on television has remained of great concern for both liberals and conservatives, and there are advocates on both sides of the issue in each ideological camp. While some liberals bridle at any attempts to curtail speech, others are concerned about the impact that violent television viewing has upon impressionable viewers like children and are concerned about televisions possible roleRead MoreEssay about Censorship1703 Words   |  7 Pages Censorship of Violence Why does anyone care if our society is aggressive? Does the kid who decides to fire a gun into his school do so because he watched Natural Born Killers? Is violence in our communities really causing anyone any abnormal amount of heartache? To the victims, and the families and friends of the victims, surely it does. Perhaps there are still some individuals who care just for the sake of caring, not because they are grieving a loss. But what does it all mean, and what isRead MoreEssay on The Influence of Violence in Sports1553 Words   |  7 PagesThe Influence of Violence in Sports Sports are an important part of our world. Take a look at any newspaper, listen to any radio, or watch TV for any length of time and there will surely be some sports information that is being passed along. The fact that sports figures get paid salaries that teachers can only dream about lets us know where our priorities lie in this society. Sports consume a lot of our time and energy, and because of this, they have great influence in our culture. BecauseRead MoreDo Video Games Cause Bad Behavior Essay1395 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen researched for almost 30 years and there are still major opinion differences. Many psychologists say violent video games do cause bad behavior, and claim that games such as Manhunt, Grand Theft Auto, and Modern Warfare, desensitize people to violence, making it a norm in society. Others disagree, claiming that these games, although they can be very violent, can help people develop critical thinking skills. (Nonviolent video games are preferred for this though). The truth is, violent video gamesRead MoreEssay about The Harmful Effects of Pornography 1626 Words   |  7 Pagesacts of violence public? A big number of famous scholars, no matter men or women, have given their opinions. Each of them has their own view, but we can sort them into two groups, which are against to serious censorship and willing to convict and uproot pornography. Because of pornography, women’s status can never be eq ual to men’s. Recently, a revolution about the perception of moral values comes out in the world, which refers to how deep the changes of the method people think and act. Media haveRead More Censorship: Helpful Or Hindering? Essay821 Words   |  4 Pagesstations are becoming less restrictive about the content in their programs. More violence, profanity, and nudity than ever before now graces our television screens every night. Clearly, there are things that children should not be seeing on television. Therefor, the new v-chip legislation in process requires all television manufacturers to install an electronic device that allows parents to set the tolerance levels for violence, profanity and nudity. However, are children’s viewing habits the responsibilityRead MoreTaking a Closer Look at Gender1311 Words   |  5 Pagesfemininity and sets gender expectations through parental and societal influence. Analyzing the foundation of gender, how gender is reinforced and it s production of masculinity, feminism can be shown to break down gender stereotypes. Looking across various societies, significant differences between men and women are distinguishable but this is not because of people’s plumbing rather it results from societal gender expectations pressed upon individuals as â€Å"most gender differences [are] culturally induced

Caring for Populations Essay - 1387 Words

Caring for Populations: Part I Huntington, WV was named by the Center for Disease Control in 2010 as the least healthy city in the least healthy state of America in the most overweight nation in the developed world (Kilmer,et.al, 2008). Jamie Oliver, known as the Naked Chef, came to Huntington in the fall of 2010 to try to teach the school cooks how to prepare a healthier menu that the school children would eat. He was not met with open arms by the school cooks, the school system or children. Huntington, WV is a dying town in the rust belt of the United States that has lost its manufacturing and railroad employment. Unemployment is worse than the national average and, poverty hovers around 19% much greater than the national average†¦show more content†¦But when you drive around Huntington, the majority of the homes are in disrepair. A significant portion are rented out to college students. Then there is another significant portion around the old industries that are in disr epair. Once the railroad tracks are crossed to go around the city park, there are older, architectural masterpieces where the wealthy live. There are very few yards of any size in town. People can get around in town by bus normally. There is a bike rack at the college but there are rarely any in it. Residents have to travel out of Huntington to shop at the mall, but when they want to â€Å"hang out† there is a large city block downtown that has restaurants, theaters, comedy club, etc. Street people â€Å"hang out† behind this on the river front behind the flood wall out of site. There is a tent city allowed there by the city. There are multiple churches throughout the city, but most of them reflect the city and are in disrepair as well. There are several hospitals in the city. One affiliated with the medical school that rotates trauma call with a Catholic Hospital that specializes in heart disease and meeting the needs of the community. There are two more within a fif teen minute drive. Problem and Significance Childhood obesity leads to many health problems in adult hood. Obese children experience an increase in asthma (all time high now), skin diseases, joint pain and there is an increase in diabetesShow MoreRelatedCaring For Populations : Assessment And Diagnosis1063 Words   |  5 PagesCaring for Populations: Assessment and Diagnosis The percentage of overweight and obese Americans has reached epidemic proportions. In 1959, 13% of Americans were either overweight or obese; and by 2010, that rate had increased to 69.9% (Fortuna, 2012). A community health nurse’s primary concern is improving the health the community. Combining the information gathered during a windshield survey with demographic and epidemiological data for the targeted community and surroundingRead MoreGuidelines for Caring for Populations Assessment and Diagnosis1542 Words   |  6 PagesGuidelines for Caring for Populations Assessment and Diagnosis Chamberlain College of Nursing NR 443 Community Health Nursing Professor Carol Johnson Spring A 2012 Introduction According to Maurer and Smith (2009), a communitys defining features include its attributes, people, places, interactions, and common characteristics, interests, and goals. Every community assessment involves a process of collecting and analyzing data and then interpreting the data to form valid conclusions. ThisRead MoreGuidelines for Caring for Populations: Community Outreach625 Words   |  2 PagesGuidelines for Caring for Populations: Community Outreach Chamberlain College of Nursing Clare Campbell NR 443 Community Health Nursing Professor Carol Johnson Spring A 2012 The setting is a community health center at the St. Joseph Health Center in Jamaica, Queens, New York. This is a community health center in a low-income area of New York. The center deals with patients with a variety of medical diagnoses. Diabetes is one of diseases that affect 24 million Americans, and it is believeRead MoreReverse Discrimination Of A Nurses Job As A Profession Based Around Compassion And Caring For Patient Populations2036 Words   |  9 PagesReverse Discrimination in Nursing Introduction Nursing is a profession based around compassion and caring for patient populations in a variety of settings. In a post Florence Nightingale nursing world, a nurse’s job is deemed â€Å"feminine† with care provided by a â€Å"lady.† Although society has changed dramatically, masculine stereotypes and the core focus of nursing is almost unaltered. Male nurses total 9.6% of the workforce, making nursing one of the top ten female dominated careers in America (UnitedRead MoreJean Watson1215 Words   |  5 PagesJean Watson’s theory of human caring is one that elevates nursing from being merely a clinical experience to becoming an intersection with the patient that affects the patient deeply in all three dimensions—the mind, body, and spirit. In order to achieve this three-pronged impact, the nurse must create caring-healing moments with the patient. As Watson (2006, p. 51) points out, â€Å"The whole caring-healing consciousness is contained within a single caring moment†¦Caring consciousness transcends timeRead MoreRelationship Between Refugees, Education And Socio Cultural Factors Essay1351 Words   |  6 Pagesis no surprise that the health care system will be severely impacted. In this paper we will analyze the impact refugees can have on our system, and the impact that society and the system has on the refugees. By utilizing Ray’s (1989) Bureaucratic Caring concepts of education and social-cultural factors, we can develop a better understanding of refugee health and therefore work in advance nursing care and the healthcare system to better suite their needs. Background on Refugees Factors influencingRead MoreApplicability of the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale702 Words   |  3 Pagesand children in polygamist relationships. The paper outlines the usefulness of this tool to this group and identifies the population this tool is best designed for and this tools validity. Moreover, the paper describes how DAS enhances the assessment phase in nursing processes and its impact on the quality of health delivered by nurses incorporating Jean Watsons theory of caring. Use of DAS to the Study Group Polygamous families are characterized by stress, quarrels and neglect. Women and childrenRead MoreChallenges Facing The Elderly Population1385 Words   |  6 PagesIn the next several years we in increase in the elderly population that will alter the way we care for our patients. According to Johansson, G., Eklund, K., Gosman-Hedstrà ¶m, G. (2010). â€Å"A greater amount of resources from health and community services is necessary as the number of elderly persons in the community increases†. As the elderly population increase so will the complexity of care that these individuals will require. Many of these patients are living with several illnesses that willRead MoreEffectiveness Of Standard Of Care Protocol On Patient Satisfaction And Perceived Staff Caring1160 Words   |  5 PagesAnother work in support of the need for hospitality training for all health care providers and nurses in particular is â€Å"Effectiveness of Standard of Care Protocol on Patient Satisfacti on and Perceived Staff Caring† (Keeley, Wolf, Regul and Jadwin (2015). According to Melnyk Fineout-Overholt (2015), Rating System for the Hierarchy of Evidence this study is a level II, randomized single controlled study. Patients’ satisfaction and their perceived quality of care given by healthcare providers isRead MoreWe Are Nothing : Empowering Staff959 Words   |  4 Pagesfeeding, cleaning, and caring for the aged population— ignored members of society— is considered a dirty, hands-on activity. Because of the job’s acclaimed pollution, the position calls for minimal entry requirements and provides low pay. Expanding the maxim ‘show me your friend and I will tell you who you are,’ this essay argues that American society links an individual’s identity and self-worth to zir job; a position’s requirements, competitiveness, interacting population, and working conditions

Resources Management in Nonprofit Organizations

Question: Discuss about the Resources Management in Nonprofit Organizations. Answer: Introduction Strategic Human resources management is an organized method that a firms management and uses for its Human resources function in relation to the goals and objectives of the organization(Tran, 2015). This means that strategic Human resources management will enhance the human resources functions through linking the traditional practices in Human resources and the firms business strategy so as to realize their goals and be able to achieve a competitive advantage(Guo, Brown, Ashcraft, Yoshioka, Dong, 2011). This paper analyses the strategic human resources management in a flexible environment as the one implemented by Justita which is a law firm that focuses its practice in fostering women lawyers while at the same time offering an alternative to staff and clients who wish to conduct business in a harmonious and flexible manner(Lengnick-Hall, Lengnick-Hall, Andrade, Drake, 2008). Because of the increasing competition in the nature of legal profession, it calls for law firms to integrate their human resources functions with business strategies. This is the only way that they can acquire sustainable competitive advantage in the legal industry(Wright McMahan, 2011). In this manner, strategic human resources management is vital as it helps firms realize their goals and its application on performance with regard to the contribution of each employee contribution in the organisation(Gannon, Doherty, Roper, 2012). It is also important to note that strategic human resources management helps in improving the relationship between employees and the owners of the firm(Kramar, 2014). Importance of firms like Justitia to smash the old Paradigm with regard to work design challenges Strategic Human resources management is very helpful in retaining and attracting the most qualified workforce that can make an organisation achieve their objectives. This means that the main strategic Human resources function is to facilitate the growth in organisations and ensure proper management and retention of the acquired talent(Colbert B. , 2004). In this manner a law firm like Justita needs to ensure that their workforce is properly motivated and there is constant workflow for the firm(Cania, 2014). In this manner having a new way of operating a law firm will allow employees to have control over their responsibilities and afford them with the flexibility to me innovative in the way they serve clients(Khilji Wang, 2006). The issue of responsibility will also improve productivity and client intake. Through the new way of doing things, the company is able to expand skill base of employees in the organisation and allow then to acquire required skills that are useful in the organ izations strategic growth. With Justita implementing the use of a sound base business model, they are going to represent a better way for serving customers in the legal profession that the current old way alternatives. In this manner they will offer more value to a discrete group of clients(Bolden, 2011). This will also mean that they shall have to replace the old way of doing running a law firm and become the standard for the next generation lawyers in the industry(Bridges Freytag, 2009). Justitas new business model is going to change the rules of the game, with regard to the case study it will change the relationship levels between employees and between the owners and their clients. In this manner client will eliminate fears of being swindled off their legal money and they will also increase efficiency in terms of the number of hours spent in solving cases or arriving and a legally organized deal(Colbert, Judge, Choi, Wang, 2015). In addition, with a powerful business model as t he one presented by Justitia will provide employees with the responsibilities and authority which will allow them to be flexible and can motivate innovation in the organisation(Eisenbei Giessner, 2012). This can also improve productivity in the firm. Challenges in adopting new work design and how they can be managed Adopting a new work design will create an impact for the capacity of the law firm to be agile. In this manner the new work design my lead to less productivity in the start than the old ways. It will call for employees being able to operate in an environment that will suit the new working style and allow companies to use the existing workforce to implement the change. There will also be a challenge especially when setting the goals of all employees(Cania, 2014). The human resources department will also have to identify the sectors in the organisation that will require new work designs, here they will need to set new long term and short term objectives to work with(Converse Reinhard, 2016). This can also be done by reinforcing and overseeing the implementation of new business strategies. Adopting a new work design will also be realized if the firm is able to confront the new business environment through a continued coverage of customer need(Malcom, 2014). A new work design is very imp ortant in any organisation due to the nature of the law firm which is required for them to do with clients requirements since the business is about entering in to new contracts with legal seeking clients on a regular basis(Guo, Brown, Ashcraft, Yoshioka, Dong, 2011). Organizational work design will be advantageous for the Justitia as their employees will be able to work in a nonstandard form which provides the firm with an advantage of providing a unique support to the legal profession(Strong, 2012). This can be achieved when employees in the firm respond to the needs of clients across all departments. In a changing business environment where clients call for a total coverage will be very important to their employees to filling the gaps and provide the firm with a more specific and dynamic working environment(Parker Cox, 2015). The old model for working will also be very incapable to accommodate the amount of agility which is expected in the modern legal industry unless Justitia a s a firm has a tangible presence in other legal markets(Lengnick-Hall, Lengnick-Hall, Andrade, Drake, 2008). A changing business model will also allow employees to coordinate well in different business environment. Adopt the approach for organizations of different sizes and industry. To adopt the approach of the new work design, it will involve the firm or the industry looking in to other equal disciplines that encompass strategic human resources management(Peltoniemi, 2015). Some of the most common disciplines will include; Product design where the manager of the organization will be called upon to look at the managerial functions which are related to the development of the new work design. In this manner, the manager will need to secure new partnership with other units that are able to facilitate this area. One of the suggested approaches is user centered which guides the force for work environment(Elliott Simmons, 2011). Also the company will have to think about reforming their brand to fit the new work design. Here the responsibility will lay on the experience of the organization, there some of the important areas need to be touched so as to create a more reliable and trustworthy branding to allow the new business environment be embraced by customers(Pearce, Hoch, Jeppesen, Wegge, 2015). Thirdly the type of services provided by the firm will have to be changed in a manner that it meets the new work environment. With regard to product design, it will be important to define the kind of services that will be offered. Some of them will take the experience of the organization in the profession and experience of the organization while dealing with customers for the period they have been around. For example, a company like Justitia will need to find new ways of documenting cases, making follow up, asking for legal fees and closing client cases once they are done. Filing methods and other forms of archive will need to be revisited(Gannon, Doherty, Roper, 2012). This goes hand in hand with the business design that is meant to operate more efficiently and a higher level of effectiveness. In this manner the manager of the business design will be very effective in persuading others on the design utility. Lastly, no new business model can work we ll without the power of Information Technology. There need to be evidence of technological outputs. This is a technical process that will involve implementation, training, monitoring and evaluation and report(Lengnick-Hall, Lengnick-Hall, Andrade, Drake, 2008). Conclusion In conclusion, the new work design for Justitia is a great move for the law firm. Given that the new work design is meant to ensure that employees most of whom are women work well with less pressure, this will encourage more women in the legal profession to continue working flexibly with their other roles as mothers and wives. They are also able to enjoy their social lives, meet with business client, analyses cases and solve them without having to way for judgment. In this manner a new work design will be both complex and necessary. For Justitia enters in to a new design they have to consider the law firm objectives and the strategic direction they want for the firm. As much as this will be a challenge in the first place, it will enable the firm position itself to a much better level that other ordinary law firms. References Bolden, R. (2011). Distributed Leadership in Organizations: A Review of Theory and Research. International Journal of Management Reviews, 13(3), 251-269. Bridges, E., Freytag, P. (2009). When do firms invest in offensive and/or defensive marketing? Journal of Business Research, 62(7), 745-749. Cania, L. (2014). The Impact of Strategic Human Resource Management on Organizational Performance. Economia : Seria Management, 17(2), 373-383. Colbert, A., Judge, T., Choi, D., Wang, G. (2015). Assessing the trait theory of leadership using self and observer ratings of personality: The mediating role of contributions to group success. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(4), 670-685. Colbert, B. (2004). The Complex Resource-Based View: Implications for Theory and Practice in Strategic Human Resource Management. The Academy of Management Review, 29(3), 341-358. Converse, B., Reinhard, D. (2016). On rivalry and goal pursuit: Shared competitive history, legacy concerns, and strategy selection . Journal of personality and social psychology, 110(2), 191-213. Eisenbei, S., Giessner, S. (2012). The Emergence and Maintenance of Ethical Leadership in Organizations: A Question of Embeddedness? Journal of Personnel Psychology, 11(1), 7-19. Elliott, C., Simmons, R. (2011). Advertising media strategies in the film industry. Applied Economics, 43(29), 4461-4468. Gannon, J., Doherty, L., Roper, A. (2012). The role of strategic groups in understanding strategic human resource management. Personnel Review, 41(4), 513-546. Guo, C., Brown, W., Ashcraft, R., Yoshioka, C., Dong, H. (2011). Strategic Human Resources Management in Nonprofit Organizations . Review of Public Personnel Administration, 31(3), 248-269. Khilji, S., Wang, X. (2006). Intended' and 'implemented' HRM: the missing linchpin in strategic human resource management research. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 17(7), 1171-1189. Kramar, R. (2014). Beyond strategic human resource management: is sustainable human resource management the next approach? The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(8), 1069-1089. Lengnick-Hall, M., Lengnick-Hall, C., Andrade, L., Drake, B. (2008). Strategic human resource management: The evolution of the field. Human Resource Management Review, 19(2), 64-85. Malcom, M. (2014). A critical evaluation of recent progress in understanding the role of the research-teaching link in higher education. Higher Education, 67(3), 289-301. Parker, R., Cox, S. (2015). Power Relations and Small and Medium-sized Enterprise Strategies for Capturing Value in Global Production Networks: Visual Effects (VFX) Service Firms in the Hollywood Film Industry . Regional Studies, 47(7), 1095-1110. Pearce, C., Hoch, J. E., Jeppesen, H. J., Wegge, J. (2015). New Forms of Management: Shared and Distributed Leadership in Organizations. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 9(4), 151-153. Peltoniemi, M. (2015). Cultural Industries: ProductMarket Characteristics, Management Challenges and Industry Dynamics. International Journal of Management Reviews, 17(1), 41-68. Strong, S. (2012). User-led organisation leadership of support planning and brokerage. The International Journal of Leadership in Public Services, 8(2), 83. Tran, H. (2015). Personnel vs. strategic human resource management in public education. Management in Education, 29(3), 112-118. Wright, P., McMahan, G. (2011). Exploring human capital: putting human back into strategic human resource management. Human Resource Management Journal, 21(2), 93-104.

Slides for Mba E Business Essay Example

Slides for Mba E Business Essay PIDE Working Papers 2010: 57 Corporate Governance in Pakistan: Corporate Valuation, Ownership and Financing Attiya Y. Javid Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad and Robina Iqbal Freelance Researcher PAKISTAN INSTITUTE OF DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ISLAMABAD All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise—without prior permission of the Publications Division, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, P. O. Box 1091, Islamabad 44000. Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, 2010. Pakistan Institute of Development Economics Islamabad, Pakistan E-mail: [emailprotected] org. pk Website: http://www. pide. org. pk Fax: +92-51-9248065 Designed, composed, and finished at the Publications Division, PIDE. CONTENTS Pages Abstract Chapter 1. Introduction 1. 1 Background 1. 2 Objectives of the Study 1. 3 Organisation of the Study Chapter 2. Overview of Corporate Governance in Pakistan 2. 1 Introduction 2. 2 Institutional Framework 2. 3 Code of the Corporate Governance 2. 4 Assessment of Corporate Governance 2. 5 Corporate Governance under Concentrated Ownership 2. Corporate Governance in South Asia 2. 7 Summary and Conclusion Chapter 3. Determinants of Corporate Governance 3. 1 Introduction 3. 2 Review of Previous Literature 3. 3 Corporate Governance Index 3. 4 Determinants of Corporate Governance 3. 5 Estimation Technique 3. 6 Empirical Findings 3. 7 Summary and Conclusion Chapter 4. Corporate Governance and Corporate Valuation 4. 1 Introduction 4. 2 Review of Previous Empirical Literature 4. 3 Data and Methodological Framework 4. 4 Empirical Findings 4. 5 Summary and Conclusion vii 1 1 3 4 4 4 5 9 10 12 13 16 16 16 17 18 20 21 22 24 25 25 26 29 31 36 Pages Chapter 5. Corporate Governance and Corporate Ownership 5. 1 Introduction 5. 2 Review of Previous Literature 5. 3 Data and Methodological Framework 5. 4 Empirical Findings 5. 5 Summary and Conclusion Chapter 6. Corporate Governance and External Financing 6. 1 Introduction 6. 2 Review of Previous Literature 6. 3 Data and Methodological Framework 6. 4 Empirical Evidence 6. 5 Summary and Conclusion Chapter 7. Conclusion Appendi ces References List of Tables Table 2. 1 Table 2. 2 Table 2. 3 Table 2. 4 Table 2. 5 Table 2. 6 Table 2. 7 Table 2. 8 Table 2. 9 Table 3. 1 Table 3. 2 Table 4. Year Wise Distribution of Companies Provincial Wise Distribution of Companies Capitalisation Break Down for the Year 2007 KSE Performance at Glance Ownership Concentration of 50 Random Companies for Pakistan for 2003-2007 Inventors Composition in Listed Private Companies Ownership Composition of Pakistan’s Top 40 Listed Companies Basic Statistics of Corporate Sector of India Types of Financial Institutions in Bangladesh Summary Statistics of Corporate Governance Index Evidence on Determinants of Corporate Governance Evidence on Corporate Governance and Firm Performance (Tobin Q) 8 8 9 9 12 13 13 15 15 15 22 23 33 60 62 64 64 69 72 37 37 39 45 48 55 55 55 Table 2. 10 Dhaka Stock Exchange Select Statistics Pages Table 4. 2 Table 4. 3 Table 5. 1 Table 5. 2. 1 Table 5. 2. 2 Table 5. 3. 1 Table 5. 3. 2 Table 5. 3. 3 Table 5. 4 Table 6. 1 Table 6. Evidence on Corporate Governance and Firm Performance (ROA) Evidence on Corporate Governance and Firm Performance (D/P) Determinants of Concentration of Ownership by Top Five Shareholders Relation between Tobin Q and Ownership by Top Five Shareholders Relation between ROA and Ownership by Top Five Shareholders Evidence on Performance and Ownership Identity Evidence on Performance and Ownership Identity Evidence on Performance and Ownership Identity Evidence on Performance and Manager-Ownership Determinants of External Financing throu gh Equity Evidence on Firm Performance and Need of External Finance 33 34 49 51 51 53 53 54 55 62 63 69 70 71 Table A1 Corporate Governance Index (CGI) Components Table A2 Description of Variables Table A3 List of Companies ABSTRACT In this study the relationship between corporate governance and corporate valuation, ownership structure and need of external financing for the Karachi Stock Market is examined for the period 2003 to 2008. We will write a custom essay sample on Slides for Mba E Business specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Slides for Mba E Business specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Slides for Mba E Business specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer To measure the firmlevel governance a rating system is used to evaluate the stringency of a set of governance practices and cover various governance categories: such as board composition, ownership and shareholdings and transparency, disclosure and auditing. The sample consists of 60 non-financial firms listed on Karachi Stock Exchange and comprises more than 80 percent of market capitalization at Karachi Stock Market in 2007. The results confirms the theoretical notion that firms with better investment opportunities and larger in size adopt better corporate governance practice. The proposition that ownership concentration is a response to poor legal protection is also validated by the results. The more investment opportunities lead to more concentration of ownership and the ownership concentration is significantly diluted as the firm size expands. The findings are consistent with theoretical argument claiming that family owners, foreign owners and bring better governance and monitoring practices which is consistent with agency theory. The results suggest that firms which need more equity financing practice good governance. The results show that firms with high growth and large in size are in more need of external finance. The relationship between external financing and ownership concentration is negative. The results reveal that the firms which practice good governance, with concentrated ownership, need more external finance which have more profitable investment opportunities and are larger in size are valued higher. The interaction term of any variable with law enforcement term are not significant in any model suggesting that firm performance is not affected by rule of law in countries where legal environment is weak. These results adds an important link to the explanation of the consequences weak legal environment for external financing, corporate valuation and corporate governance. The results show that Corporate Governance Code 2002 potentially improves the governance and decision making process of firms listed at KSE. JEL classification: G3 F3 Keywords: Ownership Concentration, Corporate Governance, Firm Performance, External Financing, Panel Data Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION* 1. 1. Background Good corporate governance contributes to sustainable economic development by enhancing the performance of companies and increasing their access to outside capital. In emerging markets good corporate governance serves a number of public policy objectives. It reduces vulnerability of the financial crises, reinforcement property rights; reduces transaction cost and cost of capital and leads to capital market development. Corporate governance concerns the relationship among the management, board of directors, controlling shareholders, minority shareholders and other stakeholders. In Pakistan, the publication of the SECP Corporate Governance Code 2002 for publicly listed companies has made it an important area of research of corporate sector. A corporate governance system is comprised of a wide range of practices and institutions, from accounting standards and laws concerning financial disclosure, to executive compensation, to size and composition of corporate boards. A corporate governance system defines who owns the firm, and dictates the rules by which economic returns are distributed among shareholders, employees, managers, and other stakeholders. As such, a countys corporate governance regime has deep implications for firm organisation, employment systems, trading relationships, and capital markets. Thus, changes in Pakistani system of corporate governance are likely to have important consequences for the structure and conduct of country business. In its broadest sense, corporate governance refers to a complementary set of legal, economic, and social institutions that protect the interests of a corporation’s owners. In the Anglo-American system of corporate governance these owners are shareholders. The concept of corporate governance presumes a fundamental tension between shareholders and corporate managers [Berle and Means (1932) and Jensen and Meckling (1976)]. While the objective of a corporation’s shareholders is a return on their investment, managers are likely to have other goals, such as the power and prestige of running a large and powerful organisation, or entertainment and other perquisites of their position. In this situation, managers’ superior access to inside information and the relatively Acknowledgements: The authors are Professor of Economics, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad and freelance researcher respectively. The authors wish to thank Dr Rashid Amjad, Dr Tariq Javed and Dr Idrees Khawaja for their valuable comments. They are grateful to Hafeez Ahmed and Shahab-u-Din for providing assistance in compiling data and Yasir Iqbal for computer assistance. Any remaining errors and omissions are the authors’ sole responsibility. 2 powerless position of the numerous and dispersed shareholders, mean that managers are likely to have the upper hand. The researchers have offered a number of solutions for this agency problem between shareholders and managers which fall under the categories of incentive alignment, monitoring, and discipline. Incentives of managers and shareholders can be aligned through practices such as stock options or other market-based compensation [Fama and Jensen (1983a)]. Monitoring by an independent and engaged board of directors assures that managers behave in the best interests of the shareholders [Fama and Jensen (1983)]. Chief Executive Officer (CEO)’s who fail to maximise shareholder interests can be removed by concerned boards of directors, and a firm that neglects shareholder value is disciplined by the market through hostile takeover1 [Jensen and Ruback (1983)]. The code of corporate governance introduced by SECP in early 2002 is the major step in corporate governance reforms in Pakistan. The code includes many recommendations in line with international good practice. The major areas of enforcement include reforms of board of directors in order to make it accountable to all shareholders and better disclosure including improved internal and external audits for listed companies. However, the code’s limited provisions on director’s independence remain voluntary and provide no guidance on internal controls, risk management and board compensation policies. The main focus of this study is to examine the relationship between corporate governance and corporate performance, corporate ownership, corporate financing for publicly listed Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) firms. Therefore, we attempt to identify the relationship between corporate governance proxies and firm value in our sample of KSE firms. This emphasises the importance of legal rules and the quality of their enforcement. In Pakistan, with traditionally low dispersion of ownership, the primary methods to solve agency problems are the legal protection of minority investors, the use of boards as monitors of senior management, and an active market for corporate control. In contrast to developed markets in Pakistan corporate governance is characterised by lesser reliance on capital markets and outside investors, but stronger reliance on large inside investors and financial institutions to achieve efficiency in the corporate sector. In this case, outside (smaller) investors face the risk of expropriation in the form of wealth transfers to larger shareholders. According to Shliefer and Vishny (1997) corporate governance mechanisms are economic and legal institutions that can be altered through the political process. As regards governance reform, product market competition would force firms to minimise costs, and as part of this cost minimisation to adopt rules, including corporate governance mechanisms, enabling them to raise external capital at the lowest cost in the long run. On this evolutionary theory of A takeover which goes against the wishes of the target company’s management and board of directors. 1 economic change [Alchian (1950); Stigler (1958)], competition would take care of corporate governance. Corporate governance in agency theory perspective is referred to as separation of ownership and control [Barle and Means (1932)]. There are two most common approaches to corporate governance to protec t investors’ rights. First approach is to give investors power through legal protection from expropriation by managers. Protection of minority rights and legal prohibitions against managerial self-dealing are examples of such mechanisms. The second major approach is ownership by large investors (concentrated ownership): matching significant cash flow rand control rights. Most corporate governance mechanisms used in the world-including large share holdings, relationship banking, and even takeovers- can be viewed as examples of large investors exercising their power. We discuss how large investors reduce agency costs. While large investors still rely on the legal system, they do not need as many rights as the small investors do to protect their interests. For this reason, corporate governance is typically exercised by large investors. Despite its common use, concentrated ownership has its costs as well, which can be best described as potential expropriation by large investors of other small investors and stakeholders in the firm [Shliefer and Vishny (1997)]. 1. 2. Objective of the Study The main focus of the study is to investigate does corporate governance matters in Pakistan equity market? What are its implications for corporate valuation, corporate, ownership and corporate financing? The first dimension of this issue is measuring the corporate governance in Pakistan. Corporate governance is interpreted as mechanism–both institutional and market based, that induces the self-interested managers (controllers of the firm) to make decisions that maximise the value of the firm to its shareholders (owners of the firm) [OECD (1999)]. The aim of these mechanisms is to reduce agency costs that arise from principle agent problem; and they could be internal and/or external in nature [Klapper and Love (2002)]. Internal mechanism deals with the composition of the board of directors, such as proportion of independent outside directors, distinction of CEO and chairperson etc. another important mechanism is ownership structure, or the degree at which the ownership by managers obvious trade-off between alignment and entrenchment effects. External mechanism on the other hand rely on takeover market in addition to regulatory system, where as the take over market act as a treat to existing controllers in that it enable outsiders to seek control of the firm if bad corporate governance results in significant gap between potential and actual value of the firm. So given these mechanisms, it is investigated that the legal system is the only way to ensure good corporate governance. It is also examined that effective presence of these mechanisms positively associated with firm value. 4 The second dimension of this issue is to investigate the determinants of concentrated form of ownership structure in Pakistan and its affect on firm performance. The reason is that when the legal framework does not offer sufficient protection for the outside investors, entrepreneurs and original owners are forced to maintain large position in their companies which results in concentrated form of ownership [La Porta, Shleifer, and Vishny (1999)]. The third dimension of this study is to assess the determinants of firms to raise external finance through equity and to examine that the firms that rely more on external financing sources are performing better. 1. 3. Organisation of the Study Rest of the study is organised as follows. Chapter 2 provides overview of corporate governance in Pakistan and it also discuses the data used in the subsequent chapters. Chapter 3 measures the corporate governance by using 22 factors which constructs aggregate corporate governance index, and this index is divided in to three sub-indices. This chapter also discusses the determinants of corporate governance in Pakistan. In Chapter 5, the determinants of ownership structure are explored. The effect of ownership structure with firm performance is also investigated. The identity of owners is then related to firm value. In the Chapter 6 examines the factors that influence the need of external finance in Pakistan and its effect on firm value. Chapter 7 concludes the study. Chapter 2: OVERVIEW OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN PAKISTAN 2. 1. Introduction Corporate governance matters for the financial development by increasing the flow of capital to the capital market. East Asian financial crisis attract serious attention to importance of corporate governance in developing countries. The OECD has established a set of corporate governance principles in 1999 that have become the core template for assessing a country’s corporate governance arrangements. La Porta, et al. (2000) Defined, â€Å"Corporate governance is, to a certain extent, a set of mechanisms through which outside investors protect themselves against expropriation by the insiders. † They define â€Å"the insiders† as both managers and controlling shareholders. â€Å"Corporate governance comprises the private and public institutions (both formal and informal) which together govern the relationship between those who manage corporations and those who invest resources in corporations. These institutions typically include a country’s corporate laws, securities regulations, stock-market listing requirements, accepted business practices and prevailing business ethics† [Omran (2004)]. Thus, changes in Pakistani system of corporate 5 governance are likely to have important consequences for the structure and conduct of country business. The issue of Corporate Governance of banks has also fundamental importance for emerging Economies. SBP restructured the regulatory framework governing the commercial banking industry and issued some guidelines for corporate governance. The study of Kalid and Hanif (2005) provides an overview of development in the banking sector and measures of corporate governance in Pakistan. Their study observes that SBP rganised its role as a regulator and supervisor and make the central bank relatively more effectively in recent years. Moreover, the legal and regulatory structure governing the role and functions of commercial banks has b een restructured. However, as the process of corporate governance of banks in Pakistan is very recent, not enough information is available to make an assessment of the impact of these policies such as an evaluation of the improvement in bank efficiency or reduction in bank defaults. Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan issued Code of Corporate Governance in March 2002 in order to strengthen the regulatory mechanism and its enforcement. The code of corporate governance is the major step in corporate governance reforms in Pakistan. The code includes many recommendations in line with international good practice. The major areas of enforcement include reforms of board of directors in order to make it accountable to all shareholders and better disclosure including improved internal and external audits for listed companies. However, the code’s limited provisions on director’s independence remain voluntary and provide no guidance on internal controls, risk management and board compensation policies. The plan of the chapter is as follows. The institutional framework is presented in Section 2. Section 3 briefly reviews the code of corporate governance of Pakistan. The assessment of the code of corporate governance is provided in Section 4. Section 5 explores corporate governance under ownership structure of Pakistan. Section 6 concludes our discussion. 2. 2. Institutional Framework East Asian financial crisis and corporate failure like Enron have brought to light the importance of an effective institutional framework. In order to the improve value of the corporate governance for finance development of a country attention must be given to strengthen the institutional framework. That strong institutional framework would help in effective corporate management and for developing advanced capital markets that increases shareholder value and enhance corporate governance. The establishment of the Security and Exchange Commission of Pakistan represents an important milestone in the development of the regulatory framework of the capital market in Pakistan. The S ecurities and Exchange 6 Commission of Pakistan (The Commission) was established in pursuance of the Securities and Exchanges Commission of Pakistan Act, 1997 and became operational on 1st January, 1999. It succeeds the Corporate Law Authority (CLA), which was a Government department attached to the Ministry of finance. It was initially concerned with the regulation of corporate sector and capital market. In accordance with the approved Corporate Plan, the Commission has been organised into the following six Divisions: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Company Law Division. Securities Market Division. Specialised Companies Division. Finance and Admin Division. Human Resource and Training Division. Insurance Division. Each of division is divided into Departments and Wings for effective administration. The Departments are headed by Executive Directors, with oversight by commissioners. 2 The continuing challenges of the Commission include: based on the regulatory principles develop a modern and efficient corporate sector and capital market; based on international legal standards. In order to foster principles of good governance in the corporate sector and protect investors through responsive policy measure and enforcement practice develop an efficient and dynamic regulatory body. The SECP is governed by the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan Act, 1997 which encompasses the constitution of the Commission appointment and terms and conditions of the Chairman and Commissioners, functions and powers of the Commission and financial arrangements. The Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan is administering many laws. These includes: insurance Ordinance, 2000 (previously as Insurance Act, 1938; The Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan Act,1997; The company ordinance, 1984 (amended and implemented in 2002); The Modaraba Companies and Modaraba (Floatation and Control) Ordinance, 1980; The Securities and Exchange Ordinance, 1969. The Policy Board is established by the Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan Act, 1997 in order to provide guidance to the Commission in all matters relating to the functions of the Commission and formulation of the policies. The Policy Board consists of maximum nine members appointed by the Federal Government. Out of nine members five members would be as ex-officio members and five members would be from private sector. See official website of securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan for detail; www. secp. org. pk. 2 7 A number of significant amendments in corporate laws were made with the objective of updating these laws to keep pace with developments in the corporate sector. These include: amendm ents in Securities and Exchange Ordinance, 1969; Modaraba Companies and Modaraba (floatation and control) Ordinance, 1980; Companies Ordinance, 1984; the securities and exchange commission of Pakistan Act, 1997. Amendments in company ordinance, 1984, suggested by the SECP have been approved by the cabinet in 2002. The amendments mainly relates to incorporation of single member company. Because of this amendment an individual trader or manufacturer would be able to establish a company having its own separate entity and thus enjoying the privilege of limited liability. This new concept will help for expansion of a discipline corporate sector. The companies have been provided the period of four months in order to present audited account before shareholders. The private companies which convert into public companies after one year of their incorporation have been exempted to hold their statutory meetings. The new amendments make it compulsory that copies of minutes of meetings will be provided to every director within 14 days of the date of such meetings. Appointment of a whole time qualified company secretary by a listed company has been made mandatory for efficient corporate compliance. Through these new amendments a company may remove its auditors through special resolution mean by the majority of 75 percent. However, appointment of new auditors in place of removed auditors will be made with the approval of the Commission. Quorum of a general meeting of a public listed company has been increased from three members to ten members present in person representing not less than 25 percent of total voting power. Stock markets are important as a source of investment finance for corporations in developing countries. At present, three stock exchanges are functioning in Pakistan, namely Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE), Lahore Stock Exchange (LSE) and Islamabad Stock Exchange (ISE). Trading on all the three stock exchanges is fully automated (for performance see Table 2. 4). The three stock exchanges are also linked to the Central Depository System (CDS). Since the last decade, the capital markets of Pakistan have witnessed a substantial growth leading to a manifold increase in the trading volume. The custody and safe keeping of physical certificates required maintenance of huge vaults by the individuals and institutions and the physical settlement of certificates was no longer feasible. Moreover, the manual system was also plagued by lengthy delays, risks of damage, forgeries and considerable time and capital investment. Central Depository Company of Pakistan Limited (CDC) was incorporated in 1993 and subsequently became operational in 1997 to manage and operate the Central Depository System (CDS). CDS is an electronic book entry system to record and transfer securities. Electronic book entry means that the securities do not physically change hands and the transfer from one client account to another takes place electronically. CDC provides the backbone for smooth and efficient settlement operations of the Pakistani capital market. Almost all of the total settlement of the stock exchanges is now done through the CDS. 3 To encourage corporate governance the institute of corpora te governance of Pakistan a non-profit organisation is established under Section 42 of company ordinance, 1984. It is public private partnership. Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan, State Bank of Pakistan, three stock exchanges and banking and insurance institutions are founding members of this institution. In 2006 PICG in collaboration with IFC and State Bank of Pakistan conducted a conference of banking reforms in Pakistan. The conference aspired to create increased understanding of the need for good governance among Pakistan’s banking sector. Charged Table 2. 1 Year Wise Distribution of Companies Financial Year 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 Incorporated Companies 968 1074 1169 1183 1553 2207 3078 6186 4703 No. of Equity Issue to Public (Rs bill) 0. 44 0. 00 2. 03 1. 99 5. 97 0. 98 48. 88 24. 34 9. 60 Source: Annual Report of SECP 2006-07. Table 2. 2 Provincial Wise Distribution of Companies 2005 2006 Province / Territory (% Share) (% Share) Punjab Sindh NWFP Baluchistan Islamabad Territory 43 39 11 1 6 39 29 9 4 19 2007 (% Share) 46 34 6 1 13 Source: Annual Report of SECP 2005, 2006, 2007. 3 See official website of CDC www. CDCPakistan. com. 9 Table 2. 3 Capitalisation Break Down for the Year 2007 Listed Com Paid Up Capital (Rs) Up to 10,000 1 100,000 to 500,000 1 500,001to1,000,000 0 1,000,001 to 10,000,000 34 10,000,000 to 100,000,000 226 1000,000,001 to 500,000,000 236 500,000,001 to 1,000,000,000 45 1,000,000,001 and above 69 Source: Annual Report of SECP 2007. Unlisted Private Public Com Com 448 20,607 343 7,037 105 4,566 343 10,804 662 3,168 224 319 32 29 36 18 SMCs 373 100 59 48 28 2 0 0 Total 24,429 7,481 4,730 11,229 4,084 799 106 123 Percentage 42. 87 14. 97 9. 46 22. 47 8. 17 1. 60 0. 21 0. 25 Table 2. KSE Performance at Glance 2004 KSE 100 Index 5,279. 18 Market Capitalisation (Rs bill) 1,421. 58 Turnover (Shares Mill) 389 Source: Annual Report of SECP 2004,2005,2006,2007. 2005 7,450. 12 2,068. 19 343 2006 9,981. 40 2,801. 28 321. 10 2007 13,772. 26 4,019. 46 367. 96 2. 3. Code of the Corporate Governance Many new financial instruments are introduced by the SECP in order to enhance corporate governance. The code of corporate governance was issued in March 2002 by the Security and Exchange Commission of Pakistan in order to improve transparency, governance and protect the interest of the investors by improving the disclosure in financial reporting of companies. The Code of Corporate Governance is the results of the joint effort of Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan and Chartered of Pakistan in collaboration with Institute of Cost and Management Accountants of Pakistan (ICMAP) and three Stock Exchanges. The code includes many recommendations in line with international good practice. All listed companies publish and circulate a statement along with their annual reports to set out the status of their compliance with the best practices of corporate governance. The Code primarily aims to establish a system whereby a company is directed and controlled by its directors in compliance with the best practice so as to safeguard the interest of diversified stakeholders. It proposes to restructure the composition of the board of directors in order to introduce broad based representation by minority shareholders and by executive and nonexecutive directors. 4 ’5 The Code emphasised openness and transparency in 4 All listed companies shall encourage effective representation of independent non-executive directors, including those representing minority interest, on their Boards of Directors so that the Board as a group include core competencies considered relevant in the context of each listed company (Clause (i) of Code of Corporate governance, 2002). 5 Implementation of the clause of non-executive directors is voluntary not mandatory. 0 corporate affairs and the decision making process and requires directors to discharge their fiduciary responsibilities in the larger interest of all stakeholders in a transparent, informed, diligent, and timely manner. The salient feature of the Code includes setting up of audit committees and internal audit funct ions by all listed companies [Code of Corporate Governance (2002)]. In August 2002 SECP launch a project on corporate governance in collaboration with UNDP and Economic Affairs Division of Government of Pakistan. This project is launched mainly for the implementation of code of corporate governance and strong regulatory frame work for the corporate sector in Pakistan. In 2007 the Security and Exchange Commission of Pakistan, International Financial Corporation (IFC) and Institute of Corporate G overnance of Pakistan (PINCG) conducted a Survey on â€Å"Code of Corporate Governance of Pakistan†. The survey targeted the local listed and large local non-listed companies and financial sector institutions. Among the key findings in the survey, a major one is the need for creating awareness amongst the directors of companies about the benefits of the Code, so that they could go further than the tick-box approach to implementing the Code, and understand and implement the Code in its true spirit. Security and Exchange Commission of Pakistan developed a board development series (BDS) with the help of IFC. PICG conducted many workshops for the purpose of understanding corporate governance and responsibilities of boards of directors. 2. 4. Assessment of Corporate Governance The SECP is enforcing corporate governance regulations SECP is receiving technical assistance from Asian Development Bank to improve corporate governance enforcement programme and also from World Bank is build awareness and training. Other elements of enforcement regime are not so strong ICAP has some self regulatory function and stock exchanges are lacked the resources and expertise to effective monitor implementation of the code. Karachi Stock Exchange has set up a Board Committee on the Code of Corporate Governa

Experience Psychology, 3rd edition Essays (947 words) - Psychology

Experience Psychology, 3rd edition Essays (947 words) - Psychology Experience Psychology, 3rd edition Chapter 11, Social Psychology Vocabulary, Key Terms Affectionate love or companionate love: Love that occurs when an individual has a deep, caring affection for another person and desires to have that person near. Aggression: Social behavior whose objective is to harm someone, either physically or verbally. Altruism: Giving aid to another person with the ultimate goal of benefitting that person, even if it incurs a cost to oneself. Attitudes: An individual's opinions and beliefs about people, objects, and ideas; how the person feels about the world. Attribution theory: The view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior. Bystander effect: The tendency for an individual who observe an emergency to help less when other people are present than when the observer is alone. Cognitive dissonance: An individual's psychological discomfort (dissonance) caused by two inconsistent thoughts. Conformity: A change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard. Deindividuation: The reduction in personal identity and erosion of the sense of personal responsibility when one is part of a group. Discrimination: An unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because the person belongs to that group. Egoism: Giving to another person to ensure reciprocity; to gain self-esteem; to present oneself as powerful, competent, or caring or to avoid social and self-censure for failing to live up to society's expectations. Elaboration likelihood model: Theory identifying two ways to persuade: a central route and a peripheral route. Empathy: A feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another person. Ethnocentrism: The tendency to favor one's own ethnic group over other groups. False consensus effect: Observers' overestimation of the degree to which everybody else thinks or acts the way they do. Fundamental attribution error: Observers' overestimation of the importance of internal traits and underestimation o the importance of external situations when they seek explanations of another person's behavior. Group polarization: The solidification and further strengthening of an individual's position as a consequence of a group discussion or interaction. Groupthink: The impaired group decision making that occurs when making the right decision is less important than maintaining group harmony. Informational social influence: The influence other people have on us because we want to be right. Investment model: A model of long-term relationships that examines the ways that commitment, investment, and the availability of attractive alternative partners predict satisfaction and stability in relationships. Mere exposure effect: The phenomenon that the more individuals encounter someone or something, the more probable it is that they will start liking the person or thing even if they do not realize they have seen it before. Normative social influence: The influence other people have on us because we want them to like us. Obedience: Behavior that complies with the explicit demands of the individual in authority. Overt aggression: Physical or verbal behavior that directly harms another person. Person perception: The processes by which an individual uses social stimuli to form impressions of others. Positive illusions: Favorable views of the self that are not necessarily rooted in reality. Prejudice: An unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual's membership in a group. Relational aggression: Behavior that is meant to harm the social standing of another person. Risky shift: The tendency for a group decision to be riskier than the average decision made by the individual's group members. Romantic love or passionate love: Love with strong components of sexuality and infatuation, often predominant in the early part of a love relationship. Self-fulfilling prophecy: Social expectations that cause an individual to act in such a way that the expectancies are realized. Self-perception theory: Bem's theory on how behaviors influence attitudes, stating that individuals make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving theory behavior. Self-serving bias: The tendency to take credit for one's successes and to deny responsibility for one''s failures. Social cognition: The area of social psychology exploring how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information. Social comparison: The process by which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to others. Social contagion: Imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior, emotions, and ideas. Social exchange

Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Psychodynamic Psychotherapy - Essay Example The defense mechanisms have been constructed by the Freudian psychoanalytical approach. They were developed to aid in the explanation of person’s responses to anxiety (Myers, 2001). They have been evolved from their original background to help enlighten being’s coping styles. Individuals are not aware of the operations taking in the mind; therefore they are unconscious. Each individual uses a different set of defense mechanism so they are also individualized. Lastly, every individual makes use of them so they are thought to be normal. But if the use of the defense mechanisms becomes exaggerated than clinical interest arises. The defense mechanism of sublimation is utilized when intentions are either violent or sexual showing the psychoanalytic aspects of thanatos and libido. They are transmitted towards non-instinctual course. For example, aggressive temperament may be transmitted towards a more acceptable structure of games. Regression takes place when an earlier developmental stage reappears for the coping behaviors (Sarason & Sarason, 2005). For example, throwing a tantrum or crying may be used to deal with a tense experience. These behaviors are usually unacceptable for adults. Repression is focal point psychoanalytical approach. It is used when there is a very high anxiety deep in the unconscious and which does not affect the activities in the conscious. Items which are repressed may however, become apparent themselves in slips of the tongue or dreams. They are mostly not present for recall. Instead, it may appear later, unexpectedly (Barlow & Durand, 2002). For example, there was a time when I tried to recall the Independence days I had ten years ago but failed to do so. But, a few weeks later, they suddenly hit me while taking a shower. The thought had been repressed because I had been into a major family dispute. The defense mechanism reaction formation is unconsciously

Legal Critique#1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Legal Critique#1 - Assignment Example aking into account federal funds, which the University received for educational necessities, the deaf student was supposed to use the services of sign-language interpreter provided by the University. However, the University refused to satisfy the student’s requirement and, therefore, displayed discriminatory attitude to a person with physical deviation (P#3, C#1, L#11-13). The plaintiff demanded the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas to provide declaratory relief and oblige the respondent to ensure the services of interpreter. The Federal Court granted preliminary injunction, which forced the University to satisfy the plaintiff’s complaint. This decision was made based on the assumption that Walter Camenisch would prevail on merits. Simultaneously, preliminary injunction took place along with the requirement for the plaintiff to post a security bond of $3,000.00 (1981 P#3, C#1, L#31-35). However, the case was forwarded to the Court of Appeals claiming for its mootness caused with the graduation of a student. The Court of Appeals confirmed the preliminary injunction. The University received certiorari (1981, P#3, C#2, L#8-12). But the Supreme Court raised the issue regarding not the question about who should pay for the interpreter, which the Court of Appeals correctly decided to be viewed in a trial on the merits, but whether the District Court exceeded the authority and violated its discretion by granting preliminary relief (1981 P#1, C#2, L#6-7). Considering the chance that the absence of injunction would harm Walter Camenisch, the District Court granted preliminary injunction based on a judgment on the merits. Preliminary evaluation of the merits showed prevalence of the student. In addition, the court ordered the complainant to ensure security bond for protecting the defendant. The University implemented the court’s decision and the student graduated meanwhile the Court of Appeals rejected the mootness of the case stating that

Progressive era Essay Example for Free

Progressive era Essay The Progressive Era was a period of social and political reformation that flourished under the leadership of President Woodrow Wilson. When the United States entered World War 1 on April 6, 1917, the whole nation was united under a moral cause. However, the war quickly busied Americans creating no time for Progressive movements and the events following the war put an end to the Era all together. During the beginning of the war, Wilson’s foreign policy was to remain on a neutral tide. With his reelection, he even won against Charles Hughes under his slogan, â€Å"He kept us out of war†, that persuaded Americans that choosing Hughes would lead them into direct contact with the war. Americans united under this foreign policy trying to stay out of European affairs under the philosophy of isolationism. When Germany’s unauthorized submarines caused for the sinking of the RMS Lusitania and their efforts chose to continue unrestricted submarine warfare the United States was infuriated. This is one factor that kept the United States busy with working to remain excluded from war. However, President Wilson addressed to Congress and declared he wanted â€Å"to make the world safe for democracy†, leading America into World War 1, under this moral cause. (Doc 2) Now that the United States was in the war, Americans started to become less concerned with social reforms and busier working, supporting, and fighting the war together. Women, for one, took over the jobs of all the men who went out to war, and worked to supply the belligerents, keeping women very busy. The United States Food Administration, under Herbert Hoover, promoted rationing of food through â€Å"Meatless Mondays† and â€Å"Wheatless Wednesdays†. This helped to conserve food and save for those fighting overseas. (Doc 6) Trench warfare was how most of World War 1 was fought and living in these trenches was rather a tough condition. This ensured that supporting and working hard together in America for our men was required to aid their health and capability of being able to fight effectively. (Doc 3) The war ended with a high number of casualties for America. Many of these casualties resulted from the influenza epidemic that attacked the world’s population and battle fights, such as those that occurred highly within the use of trenches. (Doc 3) This high death effected lives of Americans and their families, keeping them from being motivated to continue the Progressive movement. The Treaty of Versailles created at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, put an end to World War 1, but did so with a lot of problems. President Wilson, as devised in his 14 Point Peace Plan called for a creation of a League of Nations, an international peace organization. This organization caused for a split in American views. The United States, as a majority, voted not to join, as it took away the power of Congress to declare war and would ruin America’s self-determination. (Doc 9) This split in decision effected formally agreeing and creating more social reforms. The Progressive Era ended with World War 1, as many Americans were too busy with a plethora of events to help the United States fight the war. When the United States entered the war, they were morally united under a new crusade. However, they had to put their further ideas of reformations on hold as the war demanded serious attention to be fought effectively. The further Americans became deeply involved into the war, the further attention was dragged away from the progressive movement. Even after the war was over, Americans were still busy caught up in dealing with the aftermath and the approach of another worldwide outbreak.

Whats so different? :: essays research papers

From an outside view, Sue Bridehead and Arabella Donn are complete opposites, when they are actually very much alike. Robert B. Heilman insists that they are on complete opposite sides of the spectrum. Sue and Arabella have different personalities, but they are still alike when it comes to Jude. This means that even though Jude compared them and saw that they were poles apart, both of them still had a similar effect on him. Both Arabella and Sue in their respective ways interrupt Jude’s life from the path he was on. Jude’s initial opinion of each of the girls was very different. While he looked at Arabella as common and pitied her, he placed Sue on a pedestal and fell in love with her before he even met her. The manner in which he first interacted with each of them was also very contradictory. He met Arabella because she threw a pig member at him hitting him in the face with it while Jude and Sue meet at a place of martyrdom. Here the reader is shown that Arabella is u nmannerly and Sue well-bred. When Jude and Arabella spent the day together, Jude went only because he felt sorry for her. He told himself that he would go out with her for a short time and come back to read his book. He ended up spending the whole day with her and did not get a chance to look at his books as he had planned. He loses sight of his goal of getting an education at Christminster because he cannot resist Arabella. Jude’s inexperience with women is a disadvantage when he meets Arabella. Even though he knows better than to give into Arabella, Jude cannot help himself. He is intrigued by her and she knows it and uses this to her advantage. Arabella wanted Jude and she plotted with her friends on how she would get him to marry her. Jude married Arabella because she told him that she was pregnant; this was her way of trapping Jude and keeping him. Jude is burdened with the responsibility of taking care of a wife and child and is forced to make a living raising pigs, leaving no time for his dreams of being a scholar. When Jude finds the note from Arabella telling him that she is leaving him, Jude gets a second chance at living out his dream. He decides to go to Christminster with his hopes renewed after ridding himself of all obstacles, primarily consisting of Arabella.

Assembly Format

SCHOOL ATTENTION, STAND AT EASE, ATTENTION. Good Morning to one and all present here. I am Shivangi Goswami of Class 8 A standing before you to conduct today’s assembly. One man with courage is a majority. This famous quote was said by Thomas Jeffery, meaning one man who has courage can do anything and is capable enough to do any task at hand. So friends today the theme of our assembly is courage. The one who has the made the world, the one who has made us and the one who has blessed us with all our abilities is none other than our Almighty Father.So to acknowledge him for his deeds and blessings, I would like to call some of the boys of our class. Thank you for your acknowledging world. The love, affection, respect and devotion for god cannot be expressed only through words. To thank god in a wonderful way I present my class with the choir. That was indeed melodious. A class without a teacher, a flower without petals and a day without a thought is incomplete. So Nabin and Nih arika are here with a charming and delightful thought on courage. Thank you Nabin and Niharika.N for north, E for east, W for west and s for south. All these letters together makes the news. So to update us with the latest happenings around the globe, I call upon our young reporters Harpal, __________and____________ with the news. Thank you Harpal, ___________ and __________. Courage is not the absence of fear but rather the judgment that something else is important than fear. To through some more light on the assembly’s theme Courage, may I call upon Swaraj for the special assembly speech.Thank you Swaraj. Birthdays come once in a year. So we should celebrate it enthusiastically. May I call upon all the birthday students at the center stage as it is time to wish them a very happy birthday. On behalf of Class 8 A, I wish all the birthday students a very happy birthday. May I call upon our class teacher for making some announcements. Thank you madam. SCHOOL ATTENTION, STAND AT EASE, ATTENTION Now it’s time for the national anthem and the national anthem begins.

Informative Speech On Childhood Cancer - 1265 Words

Childhood Cancer Introduction I. Open with Impact: About 15,270 children ages 19 or under will be diagnosed with cancer this year. (National Cancer Institute, 2017) A. With that said, have any of you know someone diagnosed with cancer? II. Thesis: Today I have the opportunity to inform you all about the number one childhood cancer, Leukemia, and also the new technologies we are using to help combat this disease. III. Connect: This speech is important to us today because we may have family or friends with this disease. A. IV. Preview: In order to discuss this topic, I will cover these three main points. A. First, I will cover the basic background information regarding Leukemia. B. Secondly, I will discuss the new technology†¦show more content†¦b. Our cells are programed to know when to grow, divide, and when to die, with that said just like any other machine, if these â€Å"parts† within our DNA do not work then that is when our machine goes off track and starts breaking down. C. The standard typ e of treatment for this cancer is chemotherapy or radiation. 1. Chemotherapy is frequently used for childhood cancer because what it does is it stops the cancer cells from growing either by stopping the division of the cells or by killing them. (Bernard, Samantha C. et al., 2017) a. Radiation is also frequently used to treat childhood cancer, the two types are external (outside of the body), and internal (injected through a needle). (2017) Transition: Now that I have talked about the basics regarding Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, let’s talk about the new approaches we are taking to combat this disease. II. Main Point: The most recent approach for a new treatment was approved by the F.D.A. this year. A. The treatment has been labeled â€Å"A living drug† but it consists of altering the patient’s genes. 1. The Washington Post states that this new form of therapy actually uses the patient’s own white blood cells, they are extracted from the patient, altered and ‘programed’ to go after Leukemia cells within the body. (McGinley, Laurie andShow MoreRelatedEssay on Informative Speech Outline-Childhood Obesity840 Words   |  4 PagesInformative Speech Outline Jill Lesmann Oral Communications Cathleen Kruska April 9th 2015    Topic: Childhood Obesity INTRODUCTION I. Attention Getter: Hi, my name is Jill. I have been a pediatric nurse for almost 2 years now. According to the National Center for Health Statistics in 2011, childhood Obesity has more than doubled in children and quadrupled in adolescents in the past 30 years. And in 2012, more than one-third of children and adolescents were overweight or obese. IIRead MorePlanned Parenthood Essay2715 Words   |  11 Pagesinformation to millions of people worldwide. With approximately 700 health centers nationwide, Planned Parenthood is an educated leader and trusted health care provider able to provide many services. A few are-contraception, sex education, STD and cancer screening, and more. When people first hear about Planned Parenthood, they often turn their head the other way because of the controversial topics surrounding the organization. A huge reason why is because Planned Parenthood supports the terminationRead MoreMobile Phones5820 Words   |  24 Pageswise man between the valley of two mountains. Plain and pleasure are a result of modern technology . Usage of cell phones as a boon or a bane ; the answer lies in our hands! Why mobile phone is a Bane? The other day, my daddy was telling me his childhood stories. He shared his evergreen memories of having a great time with his relatives. In the olden days, people used to visit friends and relatives often. But look at about our generation. How often we get to see our relatives? We just make a phoneRead MoreViolation Of The Maxims Of Cooperative Principle7912 Words   |  32 Pagessocial dialogue and language is a social instrument, which needs to be studied from linguistic point of view. There are five levels of linguistic analysis: phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics. Phonology deals with the study of speech sounds, morphology studies the process of word formation and syntax is a study of sentence structure. Both semantics and pragmatics deal with the study of meaning. The differences between the two are that semantics studies the literal meaning of theRead MoreBob Marley’s Spiritual Rhetoric, the Spread of Jamaican Culture and Rastafarianism6348 Words à ‚  |  26 Pagesimportant, and very intense political and social issues. These issues include the living conditions of Trenchtown as well as the oppression he witnessed 2 during his years with the â€Å"Rude Boys† or street gang of Trenchtown by using this informative lyrical persuasion technique. Marley is able to capture an audience who may not be particularly interested in or aware of politics or social issues. Bob Marley presents himself and his beliefs in a way that attracts a great range of listenersRead MoreCU2645 move and position individuals in accordance with their plan of care11160 Words   |  45 Pagesthe Early Years’ setting and a hard copy should always be available for staff to refer to. If further copies are needed there will be a charge. However, the handbook is available online at www.wiltshire.gov.uk. I hope that you find this handbook informative and user-friendly, but if you need any more support please contact your Early Years Inclusion Adviser (EYIA). Angela Everett Early Intervention Manager Schools and Learning Department Page 1 of 47 Index Section 1- Wiltshire’s policies and guidanceRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pageswhether to accept or reject a claim, or about what to do or not do. For example, someone argues for the claim that you ought to quit eating strawberry yogurt because it causes cancer, and you wonder whether it really does cause cancer. You are wondering about the following issue: whether eating strawberry yogurt causes cancer. Its common to express an issue by using the word whether to indicate the uncertainty involved. You don’t want to express the issue by taking just one side of the issueRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesto do the following: 1. Decide whether existing information is adequate or whether additional information is required. 2. If necessary, collect more information in a reasonable and thoughtful way. 3. Summarize the available data in a useful and informative manner. 4 Chapter 1 ââ€"   The Role of Statistics and the Data Analysis Process 4. Analyze the available data. 5. Draw conclusions, make decisions, and assess the risk of an incorrect decision. People informally use these steps to make everydayRead MoreMethods of Qualitative of Data Collection19658 Words   |  79 Pagesit include explicit inner contemplation? Fourth, what is the purpose of the research: Does she assume that the primary purpose of the study is professional and essentially private (e.g., promoting her career), or is it intended to be useful and informative to the participants or the site? Related to the fourth category is the fifth: Who is the intended audience of the study—the scholarly community or the participants themselves? Sixth, what is the researcher’s political positioning: Does she viewRead MoreOcd - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment131367 Words   |  526 Pagesbasic emotion of fear, is a universal human experience that plays a central role in human adaptation and survival. The basic function of fear is to signal a threat or impending danger (Barlow, 2002). The feeling of anxiousness associated with making a speech before 3 4 THE NATURE OF OCD a large audience or going for a job interview is understandable, given the potential for embarrassment or rejection. Even some of the phobias that are well known to clinicians, such as acrophobia (fear of heights)